DEPRESSION

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  Mety Tri Nurnuzulawati, S.Psi., M.Psi, Psikolog



OVERVIEW

Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities. It is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how a person feels, thinks, and acts. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person's ability to function at work and at home. Depression is a serious disorder that can take a long time to treat and may require long-term treatment. There are different types of depression, some of which develop due to specific circumstances. Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is the most severe type of depression. Without treatment, depression can get worse and last longer, and in severe cases, it can lead to self-harm or death by suicide. However, most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy, or both.

TYPES OF DEPRESSION

There are different types of depression, and some of them develop due to specific circumstances. The most common types of depression include:

  1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is the most severe type of depression. People with MDD feel that a consistent dark mood is consuming them, and it can inhibit daily functions and cause them to lose interest in activities that usually provide them pleasure. Symptoms of MDD include trouble sleeping, changes in appetite or weight, loss of energy, and feeling worthless.
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), formerly known as dysthymia, refers to low mood that has lasted for at least two years but may not reach the intensity of major depression. Many people with PDD are able to function day to day, but feel low or joyless much of the time. Other depressive symptoms may include appetite and sleep changes, low energy, low self-esteem, and difficulty concentrating.
  3. Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and mania. During a manic episode, a person may feel euphoric, have racing thoughts, and engage in risky behavior. During a depressive episode, a person may experience the same symptoms as those with MDD.
  4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight. Symptoms of SAD include low energy, oversleeping, overeating, and weight gain.
  5. Psychotic Depression is a severe form of depression in which a person experiences psychosis symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations.
  6. Postpartum Depression is a type of depression that occurs after giving birth. It can cause feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion.
  7. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a type of depression that occurs in women before their menstrual period. Symptoms of PMDD include mood swings, irritability, and anxiety.

It is important to note that depression symptoms can vary from person to person, and anyone who has questions about symptoms and signs should consult a doctor.

THE SYMPTOMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEPRESSION DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER

Depression symptoms can vary from person to person, and different types of depression have particular symptoms. Here are some of the differences in symptoms between the most common types of depression:

  1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of worthlessness. Symptoms of MDD include trouble sleeping, changes in appetite or weight, loss of energy, and feeling worthless. Thoughts of death or suicide may occur.
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) refers to low mood that has lasted for at least two years but may not reach the intensity of major depression. People with PDD are able to function day to day, but feel low or joyless much of the time. Other depressive symptoms may include appetite and sleep changes, low energy, low self-esteem, and difficulty concentrating.
  3. Bipolar Disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania. During a manic episode, a person may feel euphoric, have racing thoughts, and engage in risky behavior. During a depressive episode, a person may experience the same symptoms as those with MDD.
  4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight. Symptoms of SAD include low energy, oversleeping, overeating, and weight gain.
  5. Psychotic Depression is a severe form of depression in which a person experiences psychosis symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations.
  6. Postpartum Depression is a type of depression that occurs after giving birth. It can cause feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion.
  7. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a type of depression that occurs in women before their menstrual period. Symptoms of PMDD include mood swings, irritability, and anxiety.

It is important to note that depression symptoms can vary from person to person, and anyone who has questions about symptoms and signs should consult a clinical psychologist.

REFERENCE

  1. National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Depression - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf." 8 Apr. 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/.
  2. Psychiatry.org. "Sorry, Perplexity is unable to retrieve the content of this page. Perplexity can only read information from publicly available URLs. This page is not publicly accessible due to a 40x error."
  3. Psychiatry.org. "Depression - Psychiatry.org." 1 Jan. 2023, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression.
  4. American Psychiatric Association. "What Is Depression? - American Psychiatric Association." 1 Aug. 2020, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression.
  5. American Psychological Association. "Depression - American Psychological Association." 11 Jun. 2008, https://www.apa.org/topics/depression.
  6. Mayo Clinic. "Depression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic." 14 Oct. 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007.

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