Kleptomania

Mety Tri Nurnuzulawati, S.Psi., M.Psi, Psikolog

Definition Kleptomania

Kleptomania is a form of mental disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrollable stealing behavior. Individuals with kleptomania experience strong urges to steal items that are typically not needed for personal use or monetary gain. The stolen items are often discarded, given away, or hoarded. Kleptomania is associated with feelings of tension before the act of stealing and a sense of pleasure or relief afterward. It is not motivated by anger, revenge, or hallucinations/delusions.

Kleptomania can be associated with several psychiatric disorders, including depression, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Causal Factors

There are several factors that may contribute to the development of kleptomania:

1. Genetic factors: There is evidence to suggest that kleptomania may have a genetic component. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of impulse control disorders, such as kleptomania, are more likely to develop the condition themselves.
2. Neurochemical imbalances: Dysregulation of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, has been implicated in kleptomania. These imbalances may affect impulse control and reward-seeking behaviors.
3. Co-occurring mental health disorders: Kleptomania is often associated with other psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These disorders may contribute to the development or exacerbation of kleptomania symptoms.
4. Coping mechanism: Some individuals may engage in stealing as a way to cope with stress, anxiety, or feelings of emptiness. The act of stealing may provide temporary relief or a sense of control.
5. Trauma or loss: Past traumatic experiences or significant losses, such as the death of a loved one, may contribute to the development of kleptomania as a maladaptive coping mechanism or a way to fill an emotional void.

It is important to note that these factors are not definitive causes of kleptomania, and further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of the disorder.

Symptoms Kleptomania

The symptoms of kleptomania include:

1. Recurrent and uncontrollable urges to steal items that are not needed for personal use or monetary gain.
2. Tension or anxiety before the act of stealing.
3. Pleasure, relief, or gratification after stealing.
4. Inability to resist or control the urge to steal.
5. Stealing items that are of little value or that the individual could easily afford to purchase.
6. Feeling guilty, ashamed, or remorseful after the theft.
7. The stolen items are often discarded, given away, or hoarded rather than used or sold.

These symptoms are not motivated by anger, revenge, or a delusional belief, and the stealing is not done to express socioeconomic or political grievances.

The treatment of kleptomania typically involves a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

1. Pharmacotherapy: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used as the first-line medication for kleptomania. SSRIs, such as fluoxetine or sertraline, can help regulate serotonin levels in the brain and reduce impulsive behaviors.
2. Naltrexone: Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, has shown some efficacy in reducing kleptomania symptoms. It is primarily used as a treatment for alcohol and opioid addiction but has been found to be helpful in reducing the urges to steal in some individuals with kleptomania.
3. Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used in the treatment of kleptomania. CBT aims to identify and modify the thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors associated with stealing. It helps individuals develop healthier coping mechanisms and impulse control strategies.

Other psychotherapeutic approaches that may be used include cognitive therapy, systemic desensitization, and aversion therapy. These therapies aim to change the individual's perception of stealing and redirect their interests and behaviors towards more positive alternatives.

It is important to note that the treatment approach may vary depending on the individual's specific needs and the severity of their symptoms. A comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional is necessary to determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

References :

Grant, J. E., & Kim, S. W. (2002). Clinical characteristics and associated psychopathology of 22 patients with kleptomania. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(5), 378-384.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.